Fritz: All Fritz/All Fritz.zip/All Fritz/FILES/DESKHING/PICTURE3.LZH/TXT2.EXE/MANUAL3.TXT

Text File | 1991-12-31 | 57KB | 949 lines

         PICTURETHIS(TM) "SHAREWARE" VERSION

         RELEASE 4.00

         DECEMBER 31, 1991

         USER MANUAL, PART 3 OF 7 PARTS


         Copyright 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 by Patricia Y. Williams and
           Gregory Williams, All Rights Reserved.

         HortIdeas Publishing, 460 Black Lick Road, Gravel Switch,
           KY 40328 U.S.A.


         15. SETTING THE GLOBAL LINE PARAMETERS

           The global line parameters can be set while in the FREE
         state by pressing L. The state changes to "NEWLNS" and a
         line parameter menu identical to the one for changing the
         line parameters of a trail appears (see Section 14.4).

         15.1. SETTING LINE WEIGHT, LINE GRAY, LINECAP, AND LINE JOIN

           At the global line parameters menu, by pressing W, G, L,
         or J, you can change the line weight, line gray percentage,
         linecaps, or linejoin, respectively, of ALL curves and
         trails drawn AFTER the change is made. The entries for these
         global parameters are made in exactly the same way as those
         for individual curves and trails (see Sections 12.3 and
         14.4). When K (for "Keep") or Enter is pressed, the global
         values change, and the state returns to "FREE." (If Esc is
         pressed, no changes are made, and the state returns to
         "FREE.")

         15.2. SETTING DASH PATTERN

           Individual curves (see Section 7) and trails (see Section
         14) can be drawn either solid or with user-settable dash
         patterns. A given dash pattern can have a repeating pattern
         of up to three different dashes (each ranging in length from
         0 to 99 line-weights), separated by up to three different
         gaps (each ranging in length from 0 to 99 line-weights),
         starting (at the beginning of the curve or trail) a user-
         settable offset distance (ranging from 0.0 to 25.5) into the
         pattern (allowing the user to place the pattern in a
         desirable location along a curve, perhaps to allow the
         pattern to be centered on the curve, or so there are gaps or
         dashes at both ends of the curve). The dash, gap, and offset
         lengths are multiplied by a user-settable factor (ranging
         from 1 to 99), allowing quick rescaling of a particular
         pattern.
           Note that the length of the dashes and gaps is given in
         line-weights. This means that for a curve with a line weight
         of 1 point, a 1 line-weight dash is 1 point long, but for a
         curve with a line weight of 2 points, the same dash will be
         2 points long. The length of each dash and gap is
         proportional to a curve's line weight. This means two lines

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         with the same dash pattern but different line weights will
         appear as scaled versions of each other.
           To set the dash pattern the first time in a PictureThis
         drawing session, press L to access the line menu, then press
         D to access the dash menu. The second line of the line menu
         shows the current dash pattern: the default is solid (no
         gaps), which is number 0 of 7 possible dash patterns (1-6
         are user-settable; 0 is not) from which you can choose a
         current dash pattern. Press + (same as Space) and/or -
         repeatedly to see each of the 7 patterns in turn. The
         default pattern settings are listed below.

         NUMBER         PATTERN
         0              Solid
         1              First Dash (Pattern Element d1) length = .1
                          line-weight, First Gap (Pattern Element g2)
                          length = 4 line-weight, Second Dash (Pattern
                          Element d3) length = 0, Second Gap (Pattern
                          Element g4) length = 0, Third Dash (Pattern
                          Element d5) length = 0, and Third Gap
                          (before the pattern repeats; Pattern Element
                          d6) = 0
                            or, more compactly,
                        d1=.1, g2=4, d3=0, g4=0, d5=0, g6=0
         2              d1=6, g2=6, d3=0, g4=0, d5=0, g6=0
         3              d1=9, g2=6, d3=.1, g4=6, d5=0, g6=0
         4              d1=16, g2=6, d3=.1, g4=6, d5=.1, g6=6
         5              d1=0, g2=0, d3=0, g4=0, d5=0, g6=0
         6              d1=0, g2=0, d3=0, g4=0, d5=0, g6=0

           Why these defaults? We set numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 to
         provide commonly used patterns, as shown below. These
         default patterns should suffice for nearly all drawings, and
         we suggest that you not worry about making new patterns
         unless you absolutely must!

         1:     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

         2:     _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

         3:     __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __

         4:     ____ . . ____ . . ____ . . ____ . . ____ . . ____

         Numbers 5 and 6 are "zeroed" (ALL dash, no gap; that is,
         solid) to allow you to add your own patterns without needing
         to change 1 through 4. The best way to discover for yourself
         how the pattern element settings relate to dash patterns in
         the PostScript output is to try several different settings
         and look at the printed output. The rules go as follows. The
         pattern starts with d1 and ends with g6, then repeats over
         again, even if some elements are set to zero. Zero elements
         have zero length: a zero-length gap between two non-zero-
         length dashes results in a long dash with the combined
         length of the two dashes, and a zero-length dash between two
         non-zero-length gaps results in a long gap with the combined
         length of the two gaps. As in the default patterns 5 and 6,
         when all six elements are zeroed, there is NO gap, only
         dash. And if d1 = 1 and g2 = d3 = g4 = d5 = g6 = 0, there is
         also NO gap, only dash (a solid line).

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           You can change a pattern element in one of the 6 patterns
         by cycling to the pattern number with + (same as Space)
         and/or - and then pressing 1 to access the prompt box for
         changing d1, 2 to access the prompt box for changing g2,
         etc. When at the prompt box for changing one of the pattern
         elements, key in the new value (0 to 99 (actually, since
         only two characters can be input, you can enter the integers
         0 to 99 or .1, .2, .3, ..., .9)) and press Enter to return
         to the dash menu.
           At the dash menu, you also can access prompt boxes to
         allow changing of the pattern multiplication factor (press
         M) and the offset (press O). The pattern multiplication
         factor can range from 1 to 99, and the offset can range from
         0.0 to 25.5 (points). For a given pattern (except number 0,
         which is always solid), all six of the pattern element
         lengths and the offset are multiplied by the "M" factor to
         give the actual lengths (in the PostScript output, assuming
         no subsequent scaling; in line-weights) of the pattern
         elements and the offset. The offset specifies the distance
         into the pattern at the beginning of the curve (or trail
         consisting of more than one curve). The default "M" and "O"
         settings of the six user-settable dash patterns are listed
         below, together with their default dash and gap element
         lengths, as already noted above.

         NUMBER         M       O       d1   g2   d3   g4   d5   g6
         1              1       0.0     .1    4    0    0    0    0
         2              1       0.0      6    6    0    0    0    0
         3              1       0.0      9    6   .1    6    0    0
         4              1       0.0     16    6   .1    6   .1    6
         5              1       0.0      0    0    0    0    0    0
         6              1       0.0      0    0    0    0    0    0

           It is important to realize that the lengths of the dashes
         and gaps do NOT count line caps; with a round (the default
         in PictureThis) or square linecap, dashes appear longer in
         the PostScript output (because of the line caps added onto
         each end), and gaps appear shorter, than you might expect!
         In particular, the .1 line-weight dashes have been chosen to
         look like round dots with a round linecap, or square dots
         with a square linecap. To get a square dot with a but
         linecap, you would need to set the dash length to 1 line-
         weight. Since the default dash patterns all have offset
         equal to zero, each pattern starts at the curve (or trail)
         beginning at the start of its d1 element. But now suppose we
         change the "O" setting for pattern 4 (otherwise left at its
         default setting). If pattern 4 has an offset value of 8.0
         (line-weights), then it will start at the curve (or trail)
         beginning at the MIDDLE of its d1 element (8 line-weights
         into the pattern). If pattern 4 has an offset value of 16.0,
         then it will start at the END of its d1 element (the
         BEGINNING of its g2 element; 16 line-weights into the
         pattern). And if pattern 4 has an offset value of 22.0, then
         it will start at the END of its g2 element (BEGINNING of its
         d3 element; 22 points into the pattern).
           The DASH1.DRW, DASH2.DRW, DASH3.DRW, and DASH4.DRW files
         on one of the distribution disks show the default dash
         patterns with various line weights and all three linecaps;
         you can write an Encapsulated PostScript file for this
         drawing (via F10, W, etc.), then send it to a PostScript-

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         compatible printer for a handy guide to the relations
         between settings and actual output.
           Warning: If you want to change the parameters of more than
         one dash pattern number, when you finish with one number,
         DON'T press + (same as Space) or - to choose another number,
         because your changes will be lost. To save the changes for
         one number, you must first press K (for "Keep") or Enter to
         exit to the line menu, then press D to get back to the dash
         menu. THEN select another dash pattern.
           Whichever dash pattern number is selected when you exit
         the dash menu by pressing K or Enter will appear in the line
         menu. If you return to the line menu from the dash menu by
         pressing Esc, ALL of the original dash pattern settings
         which existed when you accessed the dash menu will be
         restored --and any changes you made will be lost. If you
         exit from the line menu by pressing K or Enter, then the
         line parameters shown in the line menu just prior to exiting
         (including the selected dash pattern number) will be the
         current values. If you exit from the line menu by pressing
         Esc, then the current line parameters will return to those
         which existed when you originally entered the line menu, BUT
         IF YOU RETURNED FROM THE DASH MENU TO THE LINE MENU BY
         PRESSING K OR Enter (NOT Esc), ALL CHANGES WHICH YOU MADE IN
         DASH PATTERN PARAMETER SETTINGS WHILE IN THE DASH MENU WILL
         BE PRESERVED.
           WARNING: WHEN YOU CHANGE THE PARAMETERS FOR A GIVEN DASH
         PATTERN NUMBER (1-6), ALL PREVIOUSLY DRAWN CURVES WITH THAT
         DASH PATTERN NUMBER WILL HAVE ALL OF THEIR PARAMETER VALUES
         CHANGED TO THE NEW VALUES. However, you can change the
         offset ("O") value for an individual curve or for all of the
         curves in a trail, as discussed in the next paragraph --
         just be careful that you don't later change the offset value
         again via the "global" dash menu!
           We've been considering only the "global" dash settings.
         You also can set the dash patterns of INDIVIDUAL curves (and
         all curves in individual trails), via (for individual
         curves) the curve modification menu (accessed by pressing F4
         and selecting a particular curve; see Section 12.3.4) or via
         the trail menu (accessed by pressing F6 and selecting a
         particular trail; see Section 14.4). At the curve
         modification or trail menu, press L to access the ("local")
         line menu, then press D to access the ("local") dash menu.
         The current dash pattern is shown on the second line of the
         menu; for a trail, if "Mixed" appears there, then not all of
         the trail's curves have the same dash pattern. You can
         select the dash pattern number for the currently selected
         curve or trail by pressing + (same as Space) and/or - to
         cycle through the possibilities (as defined via the "global"
         dash menu). You also can change the offset by pressing "O"
         and keying in a new value, then pressing Enter. Press Esc to
         get back to the dash menu without changing the offset value.
         While at the dash menu, press Esc to return to the curve
         modification or trail menu with the original dash pattern(s)
         (no changes), or press K or Enter to return to the drawing
         screen with any changes made.
           NOTE: Clip art files with dashed curves include ONLY a
         specification of dash pattern numbers for each curve, NOT
         the parameters for each pattern which were current when the
         lines were drawn. Thus, dashed curves imported into a
         drawing as clip art will have the drawing's current dash

                                        36

         pattern parameters. Drawing files contain full specification
         of both dash pattern numbers and parameters, so that, in
         general, loading a previously saved drawing overwrites the
         current parameters. Dash patterns in PictureThis 3.0 were
         NOT proportional to line weights but given directly in
         points. If you import a drawing made with PictureThis 3.0,
         into this version, the dash pattern will appear different on
         the PostScript output (except for curves with line weights
         of 1 point)!
           Dashed curves appear on the drawing and view screens as
         SOLID lines, (remember that construction lines, with a
         weight of -1, which don't show in the PostScript output,
         appear on the drawing screen as dotted lines) and on the
         Quickshow screen as simply-dashed (dash, gap, dash, gap,...)
         lines, REGARDLESS of their patterns. That is, no attempt is
         made to show actual dash patterns.

         16. OBJECTS

           Objects are groups of trails, text blocks (see Section
         18.4), and smaller objects. Objects can be "layered," that
         is, they can be put "in front of" or "behind" other objects,
         trails, and text blocks (see Section 14). They can be
         manipulated in many ways: moved, copied, scaled, rotated,
         flipped, and inclined (see Section 17). And they can be
         saved as clip art and retrieved for use in other drawings
         (see Sections 19.3 and 19.4).
           Objects and their manipulations provide perhaps the most
         significant advantages of PictureThis over "paint" programs.
         Instead of "painting" on a surface, with objects you can
         work with "scissors and glue" (quite easily removable glue!)
         and a "photocopier" which can (irregularly) scale and
         otherwise (linearly) distort what it copies. This affords
         tremendous flexibility!
           In almost all cases, trails and text blocks that are not
         in objects can be treated as objects: they can be layered,
         manipulated, or saved as clip art. On the other hand,
         objects CANNOT be treated as trails: they cannot be filled
         or assigned single line parameters or joins (but see global
         parameter changes, Section 16.5). However, the trails which
         make up an object can have their fills and line parameters
         changed, can have their individual curves modified, and even
         can be erased, WITHOUT disassembling the object. As an
         example of this, consider a very simple drawing of a house.
         The drawing could be made of four trails: a filled box for
         the main part of the house, a filled triangle for the roof
         of the house, and two more filled boxes for a door and
         window. If you wanted to move the house to another part of
         the drawing, you could move each individual trail
         separately, but it would be much easier to group the trails
         into an object and then move them altogether. Even after the
         trails were grouped into an object, you still could change
         the gray fill percentage for the door without disturbing the
         rest of the object.
           No trail, text block, or object can be a part of more than
         one object. The components of a PictureThis drawing can be
         thought of as forming a tree. Individual curves are the
         smallest branches. Each curve is in one AND ONLY ONE trail
         (the next larger branches). Each trail and text block can be
         in an object (still larger branches). Individual objects can

                                        37

         be in larger objects (the largest branches). All trails,
         text blocks, and objects not in larger objects are in the
         drawing as a whole (the trunk), and they are in a specific
         order, ordered by the drawing sequence (or layering). Within
         each object, the component trails, text blocks, and smaller
         objects also are ordered by drawing sequence. The curves in
         each trail also are ordered by drawing sequence (the fills
         are drawn first, followed by the curves in the order they
         were drawn or defined).
           Objects are formed and manipulated through the object
         menu. To form an object or manipulate an existing object,
         press F7. The state changes to "OBJECT" and an object menu
         appears. This menu allows you to "group" a new object
         together, "ungroup" an existing object into its component
         trails, textblocks, and smaller objects, erase an object,
         layer objects, and move, copy, scale, rotate, flip, or
         incline existing objects. It also allows you to change the
         parameters of an object "globally."

         16.1. GROUPING AN OBJECT

           To group trails, text blocks, and objects into a new
         object, press G. The state changes to "GROUP," the cursor
         jumps to the closest on-screen initial point of a trail,
         text block, or object, and that entire trail, text block, or
         object is dashed. The initial point of an object is the
         initial point of the first drawn (rearmost) element of the
         object. If the first element drawn is a trail, the initial
         point of the object is the initial point of that trail (see
         Section 14.3.1). If the first element drawn is a text block,
         the initial point is the beginning of the text block (see
         Section 18.4). If the first element drawn is an object, the
         initial point is the initial point of that object. (An aside
         to mathematicians: yes, this is indeed a recursive
         definition.) It is important to note that AN OBJECT, TRAIL,
         OR TEXT BLOCK CANNOT BE CHOSEN FOR ANY OPERATION UNLESS ITS
         INITIAL POINT IS ON THE SCREEN. An instruction box appears
         on the left side of the screen ("Next: +, Space"/ "Select:
         Enter"/"Done: D"). If the dashed trail, text block, or
         object is one you want to include in your new object, press
         Enter. The selected object is dashed-and-dotted, and the
         cursor jumps to the next closest initial point of a
         trail/text block/object. Otherwise, press Space and +
         repeatedly until the dashed trail, text block, or object is
         one you want to include. Continue in this manner, pressing
         Space and + to dash different trails/text blocks/objects and
         Enter to select trails/text blocks/objects. When you have
         selected all of the trails, text blocks, and objects that
         you want in your new object, press D. All curves return to
         normal, and the state returns to "FREE." (If you select all
         available trails, text blocks, and objects, PictureThis
         automatically makes them all into a new object without your
         needing to press D.) The new group of trails/text
         blocks/objects now can be manipulated as an object. If you
         press Esc during this process, all dashed and dashed-and-
         dotted curves are returned to normal, the state returns to
         "OBJECT," and the object menu reappears.
           Note that PictureThis does NOT allow you to select trails,
         text blocks, or objects which are already in other objects.
         You only can select the "outermost" elements, since no

                                        38

         trail, text block, or object can be in more than one object.
           The new object appears in the drawing sequence where the
         "frontmost" of its elements previously appeared. In other
         words, if the drawing was layered correctly before the object
         was grouped, it remains layered correctly (see Section 16.4).
         If some of the components of the new object were behind some
         other object and some were in front of it, they all now are
         drawn in front of it, and the Quickshow screen looks
         different than before.
           If only one object, text block, or trail is chosen to be
         in a new object, PictureThis ignores the grouping operation,
         since there is no advantage to grouping a single trail/text
         block/object. No error message is given, since no harm has
         been done. This is noticeable if you grouped a single trail
         and then try to ungroup it; it does not ungroup, since it
         was never made into an object. (There is a way to
         effectively "ungroup" a single trail; see Section 16.2.) Of
         course, an object with only one element may occur if you
         group several elements into an object and then erase all but
         one element.

         16.2. UNGROUPING AN OBJECT

           At times you might want to "ungroup," or dissassemble, an
         existing object into its component parts. You might want to
         manipulate one of the component parts (see Section 17) and
         then regroup them; or you might want to relayer the
         component parts (see Section 16.4). To ungroup an existing
         object, press U. The state changes to "UNGRP," the cursor
         jumps to the closest initial point of an object, and the
         object becomes dashed. An instruction box appears on the
         left side of the screen ("Next: +, Space"/"Previous: -
         "/"Select: Enter"). Press Space, +, and/or - repeatedly
         until the object you wish to ungroup becomes dashed. Then
         press Enter. A prompt appears: "Ungroup selected object?
         (Y/N)." If you want to ungroup the selected object, press Y.
         The object is ungrouped, and the state returns to "FREE."
         You now can manipulate the component parts of the ungrouped
         object. If you press any key other than Y, the state returns
         to "OBJECT," and the object menu reappears.
           The ungrouped object's components are put into the drawing
         sequence in place of the ungrouped object. The Quickshow
         screen appears the same before and after ungrouping.
           Notice that you cannot ungroup a single trail with this
         operation. Occasionally you may wish to move or otherwise
         manipulate part of a trail. You can do this by defining PART
         of the existing trail as a new trail, and then manipulating
         that part (see Section 17). If the original trail is not
         filled and not in an object, the curves in the new trail are
         erased from the original trail, and you have divided the
         trail into two trails which can be manipulated separately.

         16.3. ERASING AN OBJECT

           An outermost object (or trail or text block) can be erased
         with all of its component parts by pressing E when the
         object menu is showing. The state changes to "ERASE," the
         cursor jumps to the closest initial point of an object, and
         the entire object is dashed. A box with instructions appears
         on the left side of the screen ("Next: +, Space"/ "Previous:

                                        39

         -"/"Select: Enter"). If the "dashed" object is the one you
         want to erase, press Enter. If you wish to select a
         different object, press Space, +, and/or - repeatedly until
         the object you want to erase is dashed, then press Enter. If
         only one outermost object has its initial point on-screen,
         it is automatically selected, and the instruction box will
         not appear. If you press Esc during this process, the object
         menu reappears, and the state returns to "OBJECT."
           A prompt appears: "Erase selected object? (Y/N)." If you
         want to erase the dashed object, press Y; the object is
         erased, and the state returns to "FREE." Otherwise, press
         any other key; the object menu reappears, and the state
         returns to "OBJECT."
           Note that with this operation you can erase only outermost
         trails, text blocks, and objects. PictureThis does not allow
         you to erase a component of an object unless you ungroup it
         first. In contrast, the trail erase available through the
         trail menu (see Section 14.2) allows you to erase any trail,
         whether it is in an object or not, the curve erase (see
         Section 12.1) allows you to erase any curve which does not
         border a filled area, and the text block erase (see Section
         18.8) allows you to erase any text block.
           Erasing an object, trail, curve, text block, or the entire
         drawing in PictureThis are operations which cannot be easily
         reversed. There is no "undo" in PictureThis, but it was
         designed to allow you to change anything back to a previous
         state IF you decide to do so before taking the final step.
         Before you erase anything, be certain that you want to erase
         it. If you AREN'T certain, consider saving the entire
         drawing (see Section 19.2) or a single object (see Section
         19.4) BEFORE erasing.

         16.4. LAYERING OBJECTS

           All the elements of a PictureThis drawing are drawn on the
         Quickshow screen and the PostScript output in a specific
         order. This order is defined by the drawing sequence of the
         outermost objects and the drawing sequences of each object's
         components. Since the elements are opaque, a layered effect
         is created: objects are "behind," "in front of," or "in
         between" other objects.
           As you draw or define trails or set text blocks (see
         Section 18.4), they are placed at the front of the drawing.
         Unless you relayer your drawing, the first trail (or text
         block) you drew is drawn first (at the "rear"), followed by
         the next trail/text block, etc. When trails/text blocks are
         grouped together into an object, the object is placed in the
         layering where its "frontmost" component previously was. If
         the Quickshow screen looked correct before the grouping, it
         will look the same after the grouping.
           Frequently, the order in which you drew the trails/text
         blocks is not the order in which you want them to appear.
         Fortunately, this is easy to correct. To change the layering
         of objects (and trails and text blocks not in objects),
         while in the "OBJECT" state, press L. The state changes to
         "LAYER," the cursor moves to the closest on-screen initial
         point of an outermost object (or trail or text block), and
         that object is dashed. An instruction box appears on the
         left side of the screen ("Next: +, Space"/"Previous: -
         "/"Select: Enter"). Press Space, +, and/or - repeatedly

                                        40

         until the object you want to layer is dashed, then press
         Enter. (If you press Esc during this operation, the state
         returns to "OBJECT," and the object menu reappears.)
           Upon pressing Enter, a layering menu appears. It allows
         the choice of moving the selected object to the front or
         rear of the drawing, or ahead of or behind selected objects.
         If you press F or R (for "Front" or "Rear"), the selected
         object is moved to the front or rear of the entire drawing,
         the object is returned to normal, and the state returns to
         "FREE." If you press A or B (for "Ahead of Selected" or
         "Behind Selected" objects), the object you are layering
         becomes dotted instead of dashed, another object becomes
         dashed, and an instruction box appears on the left side of
         the screen ("Next: +, Space"/"Select: Enter"/"Done: D").
         Press Space or + repeatedly until an object which you want
         the "dotted" object to be ahead of or behind is dashed; then
         press Enter to select that object. The selected object
         becomes dashed-and-dotted, and another object becomes
         dashed. Continue selecting objects in this manner until all
         of the objects which you wish the dotted object to be ahead
         of or behind are dashed-and-dotted; then press D for done.
         All of the objects are returned to normal, their layering is
         as you specified, and the state returns to "FREE." (If you
         press Esc during the process of selecting dashed-and-dotted
         objects, the dashed-and-dotted objects are returned to
         normal, but the dotted object will remain selected, and the
         layering menu will reappear. Another Esc will get you back
         to the object menu.)
           Check all layering with the Quickshow screen; since all
         elements are transparent on the drawing screen, layering can
         ONLY be observed on the Quickshow screen.
           Note that layering can be performed ONLY on the outermost
         objects, trails, and text blocks. To layer the components of
         an object, it first must be ungrouped (see Section 16.2).

         16.5. CHANGING AN OBJECT'S PARAMETERS "GLOBALLY"

           Sometimes you will want to alter the line parameters
         and/or fills for several trails in one operation.
         PictureThis allows this via the object menu. If you group
         all curves in a drawing into one object, you can, for
         example, change every linecap in the drawing to another
         setting, change every 10% fill to 25%, or change every 1-
         point curve to a 3-point curve.
           At the object menu (accessed by pressing F7),  press P
         (for "Parms") to change the line weight, line gray, linecap,
         dash pattern number, and/or line join settings of curves in
         an object, and/or fill settings of the object. First pick
         the object that you wish to modify as usual. At the
         parameters menu, press W to access the line weight change
         box, G to access the line gray change box, L to access the
         linecap change box, D to access the dash change box, J to
         access the join change box, or F to access the fill change
         box. For each of these choices, you can select those parts
         of the object having particular parameters, in turn, by
         pressing + (same as Space) and/or - (the parts become
         dashed-and-dotted in turn, and the value of the parameter
         for the currently dashed-and-dotted parts is given). Press
         Enter to choose the parts with the parameter value you wish
         to change. Then key in the new parameter value and press

                                        41

         Enter to return to the drawing screen with the change made.
         You can return from a parameter change box to the parameters
         menu without making a change by pressing Esc, and you can
         return to the object menu from the parameters menu without
         making a change by pressing Esc. Note: If you want, for
         example, to change all 2-point curves to 1-point curves and
         all 1-point curves to .5-point curves, be sure to change the
         1-point curves first, or you will end up with only .5-point
         curves.

         17. MANIPULATING OBJECTS

           Objects can be manipulated in several ways: they can be
         moved, copied, scaled, rotated, flipped, or inclined.
         Combinations of these manipulations (performed successively)
         can be used on an object to change it in an unlimited number
         of ways. To perform any of these manipulations, you must
         first access the object menu by pressing F7. The state
         changes to "OBJECT," and the object menu appears. Press M
         for move, C for copy, S for scale, R for rotate, F for flip,
         or I for incline. The state changes to "MOVE," "COPY,"
         "SCALE," "ROTATE," "FLIP," or "INCLIN," respectively, the
         cursor moves to the closest on-screen initial point of an
         outermost object, trail, or text block, and that object is
         dashed. An instruction box appears ("Next: +,
         Space"/"Previous: -"/"Select: Enter").
           Press +, Space, and/or - repeatedly until the object which
         you want to manipulate is dashed. Then press Enter.
         (Pressing Esc returns the state to "OBJECT," and the object
         menu reappears.) If only one object is available, it is
         chosen automatically.
           After an object is chosen, each manipulation proceeds
         differently, as described in the following sections.
           The best way to learn how these manipulations work is to
         try each one on a box as you read through the instructions.
         In Section 17.6 are two examples of combined manipulations
         which you can try.

         17.1. MOVING AN OBJECT

           In the "OBJECT" state, press M and select an object, as
         described in Section 16. The state is "MOVE," and the
         selected object is dashed. If you have the prompts toggled
         on ("H+"; see Section 4.3), a prompt appears: "Move then F1
         to set start point." Move the cursor (with the cursor keys
         (see Section 5), Del (see Section 9), the frame corner keys
         (see Section 22), Shift Del (see Section 23.1), the Tab or
         Shift Tab keys (see Section 18.4), or the margin edge keys
         (see Section 18.4)) to a start point on the object; then
         press F1. Often, it is convenient to leave the cursor where
         it is (at the initial point of the object) and press F1
         immediately. The start point can be anywhere on the screen;
         it designates the point which you want to position elsewhere
         on the screen. It is easiest to see what you are doing if
         the start point is on an endpoint. (If you press Esc instead
         of F1, the state returns to "OBJECT," and the object menu
         reappears.)
           Once you have pressed F1, another prompt appears (if "H+"
         is toggled): "Move then F3 to set finish point". Move the
         cursor (a dotted line follows it) to the position where you

                                        42

         want the start point of the object moved, then press F3. (If
         you press Esc instead, the "start point" prompt appears
         again if "H+" is toggled, and you can choose a new start
         point.)
           After you press F3, the dotted line is erased, a copy of
         the object (without endpoints) is drawn in the new position,
         and a prompt appears: "OK? (Y/N)." If the position is
         correct, press Y; the object is erased from its old position
         and drawn in its new position, and the state returns to
         "FREE." The layering is not changed; the moved object still
         is behind objects it was behind before, and in front of
         objects it was in front of before. If you press any other
         key, the copy of the object is erased, the "finish point"
         prompt reappears, and the dotted line reappears from the
         start point to the cursor position. Then you can move the
         cursor again and press F3 at a different position.
           An object does NOT have to be entirely on the screen for
         this or other object manipulations. But the initial point of
         the object MUST be on the screen for it to be chosen in the
         first place, and BOTH the start and finish points must be on
         the screen.

         17.2. COPYING AN OBJECT

           In the "OBJECT" state, press C and then select an object,
         as described in Section 16. The state becomes "COPY," and
         the selected object is dashed. From now until you have
         selected a position for the copied object, this operation is
         carried out exactly like the move operation (see Section
         17.1): You select a start point, press F1, select a finish
         point, then press F3; a copy of the object is drawn in the
         new position and an "O/K (Y/N)" prompt appears. For copying,
         however, if you press Y, the original object is NOT erased
         (it remains dashed) when the copy is drawn. A new prompt
         appears: "Again? (Y/N)." If you press Y, the dotted line
         reappears from the start point to the cursor, the "finish
         point" prompt shows again (if "H+" is toggled), and you can
         move the cursor to choose a new position for ANOTHER copy of
         the object. (If you press Esc here, you can go back and
         change the start point if you like.) Make as many copies of
         the object as you want (or as available memory allows). When
         you are finished and the "Again? (Y/N)" prompt appears,
         press any key other than Y. The original object returns to
         normal, and the state returns to "FREE."
           All copies of objects are placed at the "front" of the
         drawing, but this can be changed (see Section 16.4).
           Copies of objects are independent objects. They can be
         further manipulated without altering the original object or
         other copies of that object.

         17.3. SCALING AN OBJECT

           In the "OBJECT" state, press S; then select an object, as
         described in Section 16. The state becomes "SCALE," and the
         selected object is dashed. A prompt appears: "Replace
         original object? (Y/N/ESC)." If you press Esc, you are
         returned to the object menu and the "OBJECT" state. If you
         press Y, the scaled object REPLACES the original object when
         you have completed your manipulations. (This is similar to
         the move operation; there are the same number of objects

                                        43

         when you are done as when you started.) If you press any
         other key, the original object remains IN ADDITION to any
         scaled objects which you make. (This is similar to the copy
         operation; the original object remains, and there can be any
         number of "scaled" copies.)
           A new prompt appears (if "H+" is toggled): "Move then F1
         to set anchor point." You can move your cursor (in all
         possible ways); then press F1 at an "anchor" point. The
         anchor point is a point on the screen around which the
         object will be scaled. When the object is scaled, the anchor
         point does NOT move, although other points on the object do
         move. Often, it is useful to have the anchor point on an
         endpoint. (If Esc is pressed instead of F1, the object menu
         returns.)
           A new menu appears, allowing you to select whether the
         scale factors (horizontal and vertical) are set by cursor
         movement or direct entry. (An Esc here backs out and lets
         you reset the anchor point.) If you want to set the scale
         factors by direct entry, press D. A prompt appears: "Uniform
         scaling? (Y/N/ESC)." If you answer Esc to this prompt, you
         are given another opportunity to select cursor movement or
         direct entry, or you can back out further. If you answer Y,
         it means that you want the object to be scaled uniformly in
         the horizontal and vertical directions (that is, the object
         retains its current proportions during scaling). In this
         case a new prompt appears: "Enter scale factor" on the first
         line, and the current scale factor (in parentheses) on the
         second line. If the current scale factor is satisfactory,
         press Enter. If you want to change the scale factor, enter a
         new value and press Enter. (If you press Esc instead, you
         back out to the "uniform scaling" prompt.) Initially, the
         scale factor is 1.0 (that is, the object does not change
         size at all), but each time you enter a new uniform scale
         factor, it is retained; the next time you scale an object,
         the current scale factor is whatever you last entered. This
         eases scaling multiple objects by the same amount. If you
         want to scale the object non-uniformly, press any other key
         except Y and Esc. You then have two successive prompts to
         answer; the first for a horizontal scale factor, the second
         for a vertical scale factor. These are answered just like
         the uniform scale factor prompt, and your entered scale
         factors are retained for your next scaling operation.
         Entering scale factors by direct entry has the advantage of
         being easy to understand, and it allows you to exactly
         specify scale factors.
           If you want to set the scale factors by cursor movement
         instead of direct entry, press C at the menu. A prompt
         appears (if "H+" is toggled): "Move then F2 to set 100%
         line." Move the cursor (a solid line follows) in any
         direction and then press F2 to establish the 100% scaling
         line. If this line is horizontal, you are scaling ONLY in
         the horizontal direction; if it is vertical, you are scaling
         ONLY in the vertical direction; if it is slanted, you are
         scaling in BOTH directions. If you press Esc instead of F2,
         you back out and can set a new anchor point.
           After F2 is pressed, another prompt appears (if "H+" is
         toggled): "Move then F3 to set scaling line." As you move
         the cursor, a dotted line follows from the end of the 100%
         line to the cursor. If you move back toward the anchor
         point, the scaled object becomes smaller. If you move

                                        44

         further away from the anchor point, the scaled object
         becomes larger. If the scaling line and 100% line form a
         straight line, the scaling is uniform (unless the lines are
         horizontal or vertical). The effect is to move the point at
         which you pressed F2 (the end of the 100% line) to the point
         at which you pressed F3 (the end of the scaling line). This
         can be very useful: the anchor point on the object remains
         in its original position, while the point at which you
         pressed F2 is moved to the point at which you pressed F3 on
         the screen, and the rest of the object is scaled with it. It
         is especially useful when the F2 and F3 keys are pressed
         when the cursor is on endpoints. This allows you to fit an
         object precisely among other objects. Pressing Esc during
         this process backs out a step at a time.
           More aid for scaling can be obtained by toggling the
         relative position box on (see Section 20.4). While setting
         the scaling line, you can see the current horizontal and
         vertical scale factors as the cursor moves.
           Once you have established the scale factors, either by
         direct entry or cursor movement, you are asked if you want
         to scale the line weights of all the curves in the object
         with first the horizontal scale factor (if it is not 1.0)
         and if not, then with the vertical scale factor (again, only
         if it is not 1.0). Sometimes this is appropriate, and
         sometimes not; it depends on the effect that you want to
         achieve.
           Finally, the scaled object is drawn (without endpoints)
         and an "OK? (Y/N)" prompt appears. If you are satisfied with
         the scaled object, press Y and the scaled object is drawn.
         If you are not satisfied with the scaled object, press any
         other key and you are returned to the prompt asking if you
         want to enter the scale factors by cursor movement or direct
         entry. Then you can try again. If you pressed Y, additional
         action depends on your answer to the previous prompt asking
         whether you wanted to replace the original object or not. If
         you are replacing the original object, the original object
         is erased, and the new object takes its place in the drawing
         sequence. If you are not replacing the original object, the
         new scaled object is drawn and an "Again? (Y/N)" prompt
         appears. If you answer Y, you can make more scaled copies of
         the original object. All scaled copies appear at the front
         of your drawing, but they can be layered differently (see
         Section 16.4).
           While scaling, especially with large scale factors set by
         direct entry, you can see two error messages. The first
         ("END/CONTROL POINTS OFF VIRTUAL SCREEN") means that you
         have scaled part of the object not only off the entire
         drawing screen (the screen which is visible at 50%
         magnification), but also off a much larger virtual screen
         where PictureThis allows endpoints and control points to be
         placed. This is not allowed, and you are given an
         opportunity to reset your scale factors. The second message
         ("YOU CAN'T CHANGE THIS OBJECT IF SAVED") means that the
         initial point (See Section 16) of the scaled object is off
         the entire drawing screen (but not off the virtual screen).
         Since objects are accessed for alterations via their initial
         points, you cannot group, ungroup, erase, layer, or
         manipulate this object in the future. This could be highly
         undesirable, so don't save when "YOU CAN'T CHANGE THIS
         OBJECT IF SAVED" appears unless you're SURE you won't want

                                        45

         to alter it again. You can change the initial point of an
         object by ungrouping it (see Section 16.2), relayering it so
         a different component is "rearmost" (see Section 16.4), and
         then grouping it again (see Section 16.1). (For your new
         "rearmost" component, you might want to make a construction
         line which will not show on output.) These two error
         messages also can appear for object manipulations other than
         scaling, but they are most likely when scaling.

         17.4. ROTATING AN OBJECT

           In the "OBJECT" state, press R; then select an object, as
         described in Section 16. The state becomes "ROTATE," and the
         selected object is dashed. A prompt will appear: "Replace
         original object? (Y/N/ESC)." If you answer Esc, you return
         to the object menu and the "OBJECT" state. If you press Y,
         the rotated object replaces the original object when you
         have completed your manipulations. If you press any other
         key, the original object remains in addition to any rotated
         objects which you make.
           A new prompt appears (if "H+" is toggled): "Move then F1
         to set anchor point." You can move your cursor (in all
         possible ways); then press F1 at an "anchor" point. The
         anchor point is a point on the screen around which the
         object will be rotated. When the object is rotated, the
         anchor point does NOT move, although all the other points on
         the object move. Frequently, it is useful to have the anchor
         point on an endpoint. (If Esc is pressed instead of F1, the
         object menu returns.)
           A new menu appears, allowing you to select whether the
         rotation angle is set by cursor movement or direct entry. An
         Esc here backs out and lets you reset the anchor point. If
         you want to set the rotation angle by direct entry, press D.
         A prompt appears requesting the rotation angle in degrees.
         The second line of the prompt gives the current rotation
         angle (in parentheses). If you are satisfied with the
         current rotation angle, press Enter. If you want a different
         rotation angle, type it in, followed by Enter. If you press
         Esc, the cursor movement/direct entry menu reappears.
         POSITIVE rotation angles are measured in a CLOCKWISE
         direction. NEGATIVE angles are measured in a
         COUNTERCLOCKWISE DIRECTION. The current rotation angle
         initially is 90 degrees. Any rotation angle you enter is
         retained and becomes the "current rotation angle" for your
         next rotation operation.
           If you want to set the rotation angle by cursor movement,
         press C. A prompt appears (if "H+" is toggled): "Move then
         F2 to set 0 degree direction." Move the cursor and a solid
         line follows. This is the line from which the rotation angle
         is measured. Press F2 when the line is in the desired
         direction. Often, it is useful to place this line along a
         line radiating from the anchor point. If you press Esc, you
         back out and can reset the anchor point. When you press F2,
         another prompt appears (if "H+" is toggled): "Move then F3
         to set rotation angle." Move the cursor away from the 0
         degree direction line; a dotted line is drawn from the
         anchor point to the cursor. The angle between these two
         lines is the rotation angle. Press Esc to back out; you can
         reset the 0 degree direction line. (By toggling the relative
         position box on (see Section 20.4) while setting the

                                        46

         rotation angle, you can see the current rotation angle as
         the cursor moves.) Pressing F3 sets the rotation angle.
           The rotated object is drawn (without endpoints) and an
         "OK? (Y/N)" prompt appears. If you are satisfied with the
         rotated object, answer Y and the rotated object is drawn. If
         you are not satisfied with the rotated object, press any
         other key, and you return to the prompt asking if you want
         to enter the rotation angle by cursor movement or direct
         entry; then you can try again. If you pressed Y, additional
         action depends on your answer to the previous prompt asking
         whether you wanted to replace the original object or not. If
         you are replacing the original object, the original object
         is erased, and the new object takes its place in the drawing
         sequence. If you are not replacing the original object, the
         new rotated object is drawn and an "Again? (Y/N)" prompt
         appears. If you answer Y, you can make more rotated copies
         of the original object. All rotated copies appear at the
         front of your drawing, but they can be layered differently
         (see Section 16.4).

         17.5. FLIPPING AN OBJECT

           Flipping an object means flipping it over a flipline,
         making a mirror image of the object. In the "OBJECT" state,
         press F and then select an object, as described in Section
         16. The state becomes "FLIP," and the selected object is
         dashed. A prompt appears: "Replace original object?
         (Y/N/ESC)." If you answer Esc, you are returned to the
         object menu and the "OBJECT" state. If you press Y, the
         flipped object replaces the original object when you have
         completed your manipulations. If you press any other key,
         the original object remains in addition to any flipped
         objects which you make.
           A new prompt appears (if "H+" is toggled): "Move then F1
         to set 1st flipline point." You can move your cursor (in all
         possible ways); then press F1 at one end of the line over
         which you want to flip the object. If you press Esc, the
         object menu is returned, and the state becomes "OBJECT"
         again. After you press F1, another prompt appears (if "H+"
         is toggled): "Move then F3 to set 2nd flipline point." Move
         the cursor (a dotted line follows); when it is placed so as
         to form the line over which the object will be flipped,
         press F3. If you press Esc instead, you can reset the 1st
         flipline point. The flipline can be placed anywhere on the
         screen, at any angle. Functionally, it extends at both ends
         past the edges of the entire drawing screen.
           The flipped object is drawn (without endpoints) and an
         "OK? (Y/N)" prompt appears. If you are satisfied with the
         flipped object, answer Y, and the flipped object is drawn.
         If you are not satisfied with the flipped object, press any
         other key, and you can reset both ends of the flipline. If
         you pressed Y, additional action depends on your answer to
         the previous prompt asking whether you wanted to replace the
         original object or not. If you are replacing the original
         object, the original object is erased, and the new object
         takes its place in the drawing sequence. If you are not
         replacing the original object, the new flipped object is
         drawn and an "Again? (Y/N)" prompt appears. If you answer Y,
         you can make more flipped copies of the original object. All
         flipped copies appear at the front of your drawing, but they

                                        47

         can be layered differently (see Section 16.4).

                                        48